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The elastic region was defined as the region with the least deviation between the data and the model.
The deviation between the data and S-curves is more evident in the semi-log and log-log plots of Figure 7.
When a more fractionated 4He/20Ne ratio of ~100 is assumed for IFSW, the GCR exposure is not necessary to compensate for the deviation between the data for D03IB068 and D10IB049 and the mixing line.
To rank model performance, we used the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) for small populations, where:
Any deviation between the data generated by the model and the actual data suggests possible model misspecification.
The value of CMIN/DF indicated a relevant deviation between the data and the model since it should have been close to 3 for a correct model.
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To test whether the measurement errors obeyed a log-normal distribution, we analysed the distribution of the deviations between the data and the simulated annealing output, after applying log transformations.
The simulation value fits the experiment well and the average deviation between the simulation data and experimental data is 2.2%.
Goodness-of-fit tests are used to measure the deviation between the predicted data using theoretical probability function and the observed data.
The first update rule is built on the intuition that if the weighted mean reconstruction error is larger than the weighted mean standard deviation, i.e., the difference between the data and the fit cannot be explained by the expected signal variation due to noise, the polynomial model does not provide a good fit to the underlying image data.
New model parameters are estimated by minimizing the deviation between the synthetic data and the model.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com