In SDC neither PD subgroups nor increasing numbers of PDs were associated with deviating emergency costs during the trial (P PWM >0.1).
Let A be the set of alternative strategies, of which the elements, also called strategy coefficients, refer to the value deviating from the cost.
We investigate the sensitiveness of the total signaling cost with one of these parameters: cell crossing rates, call arrival rates, paging and update costs, deviates from the design value.
There can be, for example, penalty costs for deviating from the scheduled start time of a surgery or for the amount of resulting overtime.
The impacts are modeled by linear constraints, and penalty costs for deviating from the preferences are incorporated in the objective function.
The chosen functions and corresponding parameters used to describe the preferences of the stakeholders and the penalty costs for deviating from these preferences are determined based on a survey at the Isala Clinics (see Appendix A).
President Thein Sein and other members of the new civilian government seem willing to make peace with the northern rebels, but not at the cost of deviating from the army-drafted Constitution, which makes no provision for any form of federalism.
By setting a debt target and raising the political cost of deviating from the optimal pace of debt reversal¸ institutional design induces fiscal policymakers to implement unbiased responses to shocks.
As (Stratton and Gupta 2008) show, costs associated with deviating from social norms and benefits associated with behaving according to individual beliefs are crucial.
For the last few years, Republican politicians acted as if they felt differently, and it's entirely possible many of them had no idea that, by campaigning to reduce out-of-pocket costs, they were deviating from this bedrock piece of conservative orthodoxy.
