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Items were excluded from further analysis if the difference in the value of the item difficulty parameters was more than half of the value of the standard deviance of the underlying distribution of ability parameters.
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Monitoring of these variables was performed to identify outliers that may indicate deviance in one or more of the underlying processes.
Treatment is of the underlying disorder.
Again, treatment is of the underlying disorder.
Monitor the color of the underlying skin.
The underlying cause of pedophilia is unclear.
The underlying cause of migraine remains uncertain.
The underlying causes of migraines are unknown.
Find the underlying cause of the tinnitus.
The overdispersion parameter (c-hat) was calculated as the ratio between the mean deviance of simulated models and the deviance of the observed model [18].
Null deviance of the model was 93.19 (df = 68) and residual deviance was 76.34 (df = 64).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com