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The difference in deviances of the two models was compared with a χ-distribution with five degrees of freedom.
When the degrees of freedom for the smoothed term were near their minimum value, we examined whether the trend was described sufficiently by a linear regression using Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and analysis of deviance between the two models.
We compared the linear and spline models by computing the difference between the deviances of the fitted two models (Dominici et al. 2002; Samoli et al. 2005).
As with the MMN response, peak latencies were submitted to analysis to test for differences in rate of processing deviance detection between the two groups.
The percentage of the deviance explained by the two factor model in continent and trend varied between analyses, from over 80% for all lung cancer and for adeno in females, to under 25% for squamous in males.
The final models for A2 and B2 scenarios explained 59.1% and 59.2% of the total deviance, respectively, and retained variables of the four factors (see Table 3).
Finally, we determined the proportion of the total deviance accounted for by each of the four models including only one of the explanatory factors.
Data extraction focused on the methods used at each of the four stages of positive deviance.
The deviance of the model is presented based on the pseudo R. 2,272 deaths were registered in the two districts over the defined time period.
Finally, the five deviance values, each from a different subset, were summed up to obtain the cross-validated partial deviance of the entire data set.
The deviance of the four-dimensional model is lower regarding the two-dimensional model, but not significantly lower.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com