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Of the four flight performance measures, only one, take-off angle, gave any indication of differing between the two developmental treatment groups, with developmentally disadvantaged birds tending to take off at shallower angles than their advantaged siblings.
Despite the absence of an effect of developmental treatment on early growth (Nettle, Monaghan, et al., 2015), developmentally disadvantaged birds were fatter in adulthood at the time of our study than advantaged birds (Fig. 1) and showed differences in their foraging behaviour.
Two models also contained developmental treatment.
However, age at testing was unrelated to developmental treatment.
Models containing the developmental treatment by take-off angle interaction were in all cases superior to those containing the main effect of developmental treatment alone (Table A6).
When considering developmental treatment, a main effect would demonstrate that developmental treatment altered the average level of that flight performance measure, whereas an interaction between developmental treatment and another component of flight performance would suggest that developmental treatment altered trade-offs between flight performance components.
Similar(26)
These six were drawn evenly from both developmental treatments (3 3), but all six were female.
Our analyses included developmental treatments from four distinct developmental stages (egg, tadpole stage 11, tadpole stage 18, and adult).
Finally, quail exposed to both developmental treatments obtained more mealworms from the feeders in the novel environment (Fig. 4d).
Birds from the two developmental treatments did not differ significantly in weight or wing length at the time of testing.
Subjects were 26 European starlings (14 male:12 female, 14 12 from the two developmental treatments), taken from the wild as nestlings.
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