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As an example of a subcircuit that translates transcriptional input into developmental output, we consider a particularly simple case, the regulatory processes underlying pigment cell formation in sea urchin embryos.
Dissimilar genes can produce the same developmental output; unrelated populations of neurons can subserve the same behavioural task; and different patterns of muscular contraction can yield similar movements.
Our experiments demonstrate that expression of AE changes the developmental output of HSC by promoting the selective expansion of myeloid cells at the expense of normal erythroid and lymphoid lineage maturation.
Moreover, robustness has been proposed to be a prerequisite for evolving, complex dynamic systems (Kitano 2004), allowing cryptic genetic change to accumulate without a change in developmental output (Félix and Wagner 2008).
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Hence, the dual transcription of a lincRNA influences local chromatin topology and directs dynamic auxin-controlled developmental outputs on neighboring genes.
This distinction transcends an historical dichotomy between quantitative and qualitative traits, and is consistent with Waddington's original restriction of canalized traits to those with discrete developmental outputs [27] (e.g. qualitative morphologies and invariant (discrete) quantitative traits such as SC and TH [26]).
Also, the manner in which plants integrate environmental information into developmental outputs, adds extra requirements for the gradient-generating mechanism.
Moreover, different dosages of auxin have been shown to generate variable developmental outputs, although cellular context is a determinant as well [ 41- 46].
In this way, the circadian clock together with environmental factors control several plant physiological and developmental outputs to be triggered at the proper time of day or season such as photosynthesis, starch and nitrogen metabolism, growth, cold acclimation, bud dormancy, flowering time, tuber formation or stomata and organ movements [ 27- 29].
But, there are some constraints for developmental activities, including agricultural output.
We show that changes in infectivity, developmental dynamics and reproductive output observed in A. crassus populations after their successful colonization of the European eel were induced by both genetic and plastic responses.
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