Without growth, the spectre of default remains.
The chief potential obstacles to successful development appear to be the spectre of disintegration of the international economy, should protectionist pressures be increasingly effective, and the inability or unwillingness of leaders in developing countries to adopt policies conducive to rapid economic growth.
The spectre of commercial developments loomed large in cities such as Istanbul, Melbourne and Tehran too, where frustration over construction projects was voiced.
Marx's other insight into economic development raises an altogether more haunting spectre for Chinese elites.
America's sanctions policy thus is increasingly aimed, as Donilon indicated, at changing Iran's political behavior, and the spectre of nuclear-weapons development has become a tool for accomplishing that goal.
In both cases, it will be interesting to see how the recent revelations about Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities will impact the pace of development of these chips, and what position speed will take longer term relative to security.
The character is deliberately not named due to copyright restrictions with Kevin McClory, who owned the film rights to Thunderball, which supposedly includes the character Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the organisation SPECTRE, and other material associated with the development of Thunderball.
Agriculture, however, was the key to development, and only greater productivity could hold at bay the spectre of poverty.
The World Health Organisation said this week that a new spate of human deaths from bird flu in Sumatra was "the most significant development so far in terms of public health", raising the spectre of a human pandemic.
It does, however, raise the spectre of what James Grieve, co-artistic director of Paines Plough, calls "development hell," whereby a script get stuck in a spin-cycle of readings and workshops, but ultimately remains unproduced.
