It is difficult for planners to provide a detailed forecast of lifestyles, demographic developments, growth of GDP and other variables that might influence traffic flows over 10, 15, 20 years or more.
The data are summarized in Fig. 1 which records over time and in per capita terms the development trends of GDP, greenhouse gas emissions, material flows and land use.
From these data, the following correlations between GDP (based on purchasing power parity per capita) and amount of MSW production were derived and applied for MSW production until the year 2030, taking into consideration the development of the GDP given in the framework scenarios: M BAU = M L BAU + M R - BAU, (1) M LBAU = 0.0294 × GDP 0.3607, (2) M R - BAU = 2.6473 × 10 − 5 × GDP − 0.1908, (3).
South Africa aimed to spend 45 billion Rands on research and development and reach its target for gross expenditure on research and development of 1.5% of GDP by 2014.
The chancellor said the funds were part of the government's commitment to raise investment in research and development to 2.4% of GDP by 2027.
She pledged to raise spending on research and development from 0.6% of GDP to 1% by the end of her four-year term.
Recent estimates suggest that Europe needs an extra 700,000 researchers if it is to meet its overall target of raising spending (private, national and EU) on research and development to 3% of GDP by 2010.
The so-called Lisbon Strategy calls on all member states to increase spending on research and development to 3percentt of GDP by 2010.
The proposed index correlated with the share of government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development as % of GDP in 2004 (r = 0.229) whereas the corresponding correlation coefficient for the h-index was close to 0. Additionally, it was positively associated with the average number of citations/publication, the h-index and the number of highly cited papers.
It was the most highly associated indicator with the share of country-specific government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development as % of GDP in 2004 (r = 0.229) followed by the average number of citations/publication (r = 0.153) whereas the corresponding correlation coefficient for the h-index was close to 0 (r = 0.029).
