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Models of the development of feathers describe the initial evolution of a feather from a single hollow cylinder (stage I) to a tuft of keratinous filaments (stage II).
Recombination experiments in chick suggested that dermal signals dictate positional identity of epidermal differentiation: for example transplantation of wing epithelium to leg mesenchyme transforms the development of feathers to the development of scales [35], [36].
Together, these findings shed new light into the cornification of cells that become the building blocks of feathers and allow to refine the hypotheses about the evolution and development of feathers [ 19- 22].
While feather β-keratins are annotated based upon the tissue in which their amino acid sequence was first determined [ 72], it has been shown that there are actually multiple β-keratin gene variants (subfamilies) expressed during embryonic development of feathers [ 9, 29, 30].
Similar(56)
Thus, we assessed whether providing environmental enrichments designed to facilitate foraging behaviors would prevent or reduce the development of feather picking behavior by parrots, as evidenced by superior feather condition.
The expression profiles of genes associated with the development of feather structure were examined.
Thus, we showed that the tissue-specific association of voltage-gated calcium channels mediated calcium signaling pathways with the development of feather- and scale-forming embryonic chicken skin.
Classical tissue recombination experiments have shown that the development of feather and scale primordia is achieved through communication between these two tissue layers [ 2, 3].
The complexity of the expression regulation of the voltage-gated calcium channels supported the notion that calcium is involved in differentially regulated pathways that lead to the development of feather and scale skins.
We examined the expression profiles of genes associated with the development of feather structure and compared the gene expression patterns in different types of feathers and different portions of a feather to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of feather growth and the molecular basis of variation in feather structure.
This long term and profound anatomical difference is impressive and warrants further investigation into whether the development of feather pecking can be reduced or avoided by rearing production chicks with mother hens or providing aspects of maternal care, such as shelter, warmth, or darkness.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com