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In the Jiaxing area, the development of commune and brigade industries in Jiashan fluctuated during the CR.
Putterman (1997) highlights the linkages between the development of commune and brigade enterprises before the reform to that of TVEs after the reform.
The development of commune and brigade enterprises indicates that local governments were less able to extract resources from the rural areas and that the grassroots elites had more economic surplus to develop industries.
Because of the slow development of commune and brigade enterprises, Kaihua was ranked in the bottom 12 for per capita GDP in 1988, despite well-established industrial foundations after 1949.16.
The content related to the development of commune and brigade industries in the "May 7th Instruction" states, "Peasants of communes should mainly work on agriculture (including forestry, animal husbandry, side-line production, and fishery) but should also learn some knowledge about military, politics, and culture.
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The origins and developments of communes are complex, and attempts to explain them in simple terms are doomed to failure.
Above all, neither the emperor nor the pope could turn back the clock on the development of the communes.
The ineffectiveness of imperial power in Italy during the first half of the 12th century, which favoured the development of the communes, stemmed largely from the struggle over investitures and the attendant political instability in Germany.
The emphasis of 19th-century liberal historians on communal revolts against ecclesiastical repression as well as the later Marxist focus on class conflict in the development of the communes have proved too narrow.
Given the elimination of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that "normal conditions of spontaneous development" of the rural commune could exist.
According to the analysis of district leaders, poor management skills of commune leaders create big obstacles for the socio-economic development in general and child development in particular.
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