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The investigation of primordial germ cell (PGC) specification is the first essential step in the process of elucidating the mechanisms involved in the development of a germ cell lineage.
SSCs are thought to have a fixed phenotype, and development of a germ cell transplantation technique facilitated their characterization and prospective isolation in a deterministic manner; however, our in vitro SSC culture experiments indicated heterogeneity of cultured cells and suggested that they might not follow deterministic fate commitment in vitro.
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However, the development of a chicken primordial germ cell line (Macdonald et al., 2012; van de Lavoir et al., 2006) has allowed us to derive talpid chicken primordial germ cells and we hope in the future to use this to produce a germ-line replacement talpid null to determine whether cilia truly play a role in laterality of the chicken.
Early in the development of an egg, the germ plasm becomes segregated from the somatic cells that give rise to the rest of the body.
Sex determination in the mammalian embryo is marked by development of germ cells, migration of germ cells to the urogenital ridge, and development of either testes or ovaries from the bipotential gonad.
The increase in androgens, modulated by gonadotropins, triggered the sex change, enabling the development of male germ cells, whereas a decrease in E2 levels was not required to change sex in dusky grouper.
The spermatogenic cycle delineates the periodic development of male germ cells in a cross-section of the seminiferous tubule.
Therefore, anuran PGCs are no longer maintained by homeostatic signalling, so the mechanisms that govern somatic development should be free to evolve independently of a detrimental influence on development of the germ line.
In addition to their role in the tumorigenesis of TGCTs, miRNAs have an essential role in the development of primordial germ cells and in spermatogenesis.
PRDM14 is required for the development of mouse germ cells [17], and also known as a pluripotent marker for mouse and human ES cells [17], [52].
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