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All of the processes from defining the domain, constructing the definition, developing the items, and conducting expert reviews provided evidence of content validity [ 20– 20].
When developing the items we had to adapt to the limits of the technology; in this case, the limitation of space.
Construct validity was addressed by developing the items based on a 2-yr study that defined and operationalized project ownership in the context of undergraduate laboratory learning experiences.
In developing the items, we elected to focus on the most "proximal" effects those that can be most directly linked back to living with LAM.
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To the extent possible, language provided by patients was utilized to develop the items in both the SSD and SIQ.
We developed the items analyzed in this paper during construction and validation of the Daphne Assessment of Natural Selection (DANS), which was developed following the Stanford Educational Assessment Laboratory (SEAL) assessment design process (Ayala et al. 2002; Ruiz-Primo et al. 2001).
The answers from these questions helped develop the items for discussion used in the next stage.
For the second step in this phase, two focus groups were carried out in order to develop the items.
Based on discussions between the methodologists and Question Leaders, we developed the items that would be included in the tools for each of the Questions.
We therefore developed the items for the questionnaire primarily based on literature studies and [ 4, 12- 17] focus group interviews with GPs and parents of overweight children.
Exploratory analysis was appropriate for this study because, although we had developed the items based on themes identified through qualitative interviews, we did not know the extent to which these items actually met our assumptions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com