In the early 1900s, that might have meant laboriously developing new cultivars for California's booming orchards, but now Berkeley is taking the lead with a new genome-editing technology that promises to reshape the future of agriculture, medicine, and the meat and dairy industries.
Literacy, however, was limited by the lack of printed materials; until the 15th century (when typesetting developed), books were laboriously cut page by page on blocks (hence they were known as block books) and consequently were rare and expensive.
The NIH is in the process of developing a "portfolio analysis" web-accessible tool that will allow the public to access information about NIH projects by research area, the definitions of which will be "laboriously crafted with input from hundreds of scientists" [ 81].
This led to a job with ISAF, and then another as special assistant to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, flitting between Washington and Kabul as the United States laboriously and somewhat unwillingly developed an anti-corruption strategy for Afghanistan.
To produce his arresting pictures of the fall, Jackson had to scramble down the side of the 200-foot gorge with his camera, leaving the "dark box" on the brink above, laboriously climbing back up to develop the plate after each exposure.
As Jordan Cohen, a manager at Pfizer, developed a new internal service called Pfizer Works he laboriously set up the development process so he could get 24-hour feedback from real users, constantly assessing what it would take to make his invention work in practice.
Alfred Butts, the unemployed architect from Poughkeepsie, N.Y., who developed the game, determined how many tiles of each letter to include (12 E's, 6 T's, 1 Q) by laboriously counting how often each letter appeared on the front page of The Times and other New York dailies.
The decisions had the immediate practical effect of forcing the NSA to laboriously ask judges on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court each time it wanted to capture such foreign communications from a wire or fiber on U.S. soil, a task so time-consuming that a backlog developed.
Price controls, even if laboriously tweaked, inevitably produce inefficiencies, reduce supply and cause bad side-effects.
Net-net of the whole thing, if we get 2% GDP momentum next year, the market works higher, but laboriously.
