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The proposed mechanisms by which epithelial cells do this and how they associate with newly developing granulosa cells involved a proposed complex set of cell relocations within the ovary and alterations in cell phenotypes (reviewed in Ref. 80).
Accordingly, even if some new oocytes form after the end of the prime reproductive period (PRP; women between menarche and 38 + 2 years of age - reviewed in [ 35, 84]), the lack of developing granulosa cell nests precludes the formation of new follicles.
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However, research from Middlebrook et al 12 showed that double-knockout mice for two SMAD transcription factors developed granulosa cell tumors.
TgPTTG #436 developed a granulosa cell tumor and a follicular cyst with mitotic figures.
In this study we have identified major differences in gene expression pathways and networks that develop in granulosa cells of small antral follicles during the process of atresia.
In the ovary, AR is expressed in developing follicles, mainly granulosa cells.
In birds, the postovulatory follicle shrinks, and identifiable corpora lutea do not develop, although some granulosa cells accumulate lipids of unknown significance.
Almost all surviving vitrified-thawed preantral follicles developed to a granulosa cell outgrowth pattern after 12 days of culture.
Preliminary studies in our lab described differential secretion patterns of inhibin A and inhibin B during the rat reproductive cycle, differential compartmentalization of inhibin subunit protein in granulosa cells of developing follicles, and the differential regulation of biosynthetic processing of inhibin isoforms [5].
Theca cell-derived androgens transported to the granulosa cells of developing follicles, where they are aromatized to oestrogens by P450arom, the product of the CYP19 gene, which is responsible for conversion of C19 steroids to estrogen [ 2, 6, 30].
Hedghog signalling in the mammalian ovary plays a role in the communication between granulosa cells and the developing theca cells [35].
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