Nagel conceives of sciences or theories as developing entities that undergo changes, across which their vocabulary remains unchanged (though it is, presumably, sometimes extended).
We developed named entity recognition (NER) tools for four entities related to Type IV secretion systems: 1) bacteria names, 2) biological processes, 3) molecular functions, and 4) cellular components.
Thus, we developed named entity recognition systems targeted to these new concept classes.
The disease appears to be a continuum from an initial single symptom disease to a fully developed disease entity.
We build our work on a previously developed named entity recognizer for databases and software within bioinformatics (Duck et al., 2013), which we use to automatically extract resource names mentioned across a large corpus of full-text documents.
In addition to the language and terminology limitations, the group made the deliberate choice to examine content developed by entities formally associated with education and curriculum development, to establish a first level of validation regarding the content examined.
A "networked open innovation" structure for collaborations between developed and developing country entities offers attractions for both.
● New models of collaboration between developed and developing country entities that blend aspects of open innovation, frugal innovation, and human-centered design could accelerate the adoption and increase the impact of successful ideas and technologies.
Since the network members would include both developed and developing country entities, the direction of the innovation becomes less meaningful as all network members work toward developing products and services to meet the needs of similar market segments wherever they live.
But the project was designed with these ultimate objectives in mind, incorporating elements that would make this a viable social enterprise, particularly if the network is expanded regionally or internationally and structured as an open innovation collaboration or co-venture between developed and developing country entities.
