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Promastigotes, in contrast, are elongated with free flagellum, and they develop in the gut of the sandfly insect vector as well as in axenic cultures.
However, culturing methods for stages that normally develop in the gut of the definitive felid host, including the merozoite and sexual stages, have not been developed hindering the ability to study a large portion of the parasite's life cycle.
Epithelial gut stages are a common life cycle feature of apicomplexan parasites, and most often the sexual stages develop in the gut, whether the host be vertebrate or invertebrate.
These experiments demonstrate abnormalities in PrP develop in the gut occur during early subclinical phases of infection, a time when PrP and spongiform change is not yet detectable in the central nervous system.
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Motile infective forms of the parasite (metacyclic promastigotes with a long free flagellum) develop in the guts of competent sand fly vectors, which inoculate them into mammalian skin.
A small, gnawing anxiety develops in the gut.
The most straightforward interpretation of these results is that B-cell-receptor editing occurs in immature B cells developing in the gut, and that this is driven by interactions with antigens from resident microorganisms.
This is not surprising, as drug concentrations are below the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for most bacteria [38], and residence times are too short to monitor any effects at sub-inhibitory concentrations [39]; Most importantly, antibiotic resistance develops in the guts of treated organisms and therefore has different fates than the chemical antibiotic once released into the environment.
The relationship between insect and parasite has been finely tuned, enabling the parasite to partially evade the insect immune system, develop in the insect gut epithelium and then travel to the insect salivary glands [ 35- 37].
The characteristic spores develop in the host's gut after the union of large and small gametes.
A later extension of this hypothesis further posits that the synucleinopathy may even first develop in the enteric nerves in the gut and later spread along the vagus nerve into the brain (Hawkes et al. 2007, 2009).
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