After exposure, the photoresist was developed in a solution 1 1 by volume of commercial sodium-based AZ developer and deionized water.
Osmotic pressure, the pressure that develops in a solution separated from a solvent by a membrane permeable only to solvent, was first described by Abbé J.A. Nollet, who became professor of experimental physics at the College of Navarre.
After writing, the patterned substrates were developed in a solution of methyl isobutyl ketone and isopropyl alcohol (volume ratio of 1 3) for 30 s.
The etch mask is written at a relatively high e-beam dose (1300 μC/cm 2 for the ribbons in our 30 keV system, with lower doses for larger features) and developed in a solution of 0.26N tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in water for 1 minute (Figure 1(c)).
The gels were developed in a solution containing 2.5% Na2CO3, 0.008% formaldehyde.
Aliquots were loaded onto PEI cellulose TLC plates and developed in a solution of 0.75 M KH2PO4 (pH 3.6).
The gel was sensitized by 0.02% sodium thiosulfate solution and stained in a solution containing 0.2% AgNO3 and 0.05% formaldehyde for 20 minutes, and subsequently developed in a solution of 0.05% formaldehyde, 2% Na2S2O3, and 0.0004% Na2S2O3.
To assay catalase activity, gel strips were washed three times in distilled water for 15 min, submerged in a solution of 3 mM H2O2 for 25 min, rinsed briefly with distilled water, and developed in a solution of 1% w/v K3Fe CN 6 and 1% w/v FeCl3 for 10 15 min until clear bands appeared [35], [36].
TLC plates were developed in a solution containing 100 mM ammonium acetate and 5% acetic acid.
Sections were then washed in PBS and the reaction was routinely developed in a solution of 3′-3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and H2O2 for 5 min.
