However, the underlying mechanisms for inhibitor detoxification and tolerance by fermenting solventogenic Clostridium species remain unclear.
The many ways in which fly species have dealt with detoxification and tolerance could inform and refine drug discovery.
The morphological alterations in plasma membrane, dictyosomes and ER reflect the features of detoxification and tolerance under Pb stress.
Chelation of metals in the cytosol by high-affinity ligands is potentially a very important mechanism of heavy-metal detoxification and tolerance [ 18].
Nevertheless, to develop phytoremediation into a useful approach requires a detailed understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of detoxification and tolerance acquisition [ 14, 15].
Detoxification and tolerance mechanisms often involve extrusion of the toxic ions from cells, sequestration within internal organelles, reduced toxin uptake, and chelation by metal-binding proteins such as phytochelatins (PCs) [ 18].
Indeed, two enzymes encoded by Cbei_3974 and Cbei_3904 belonging to aldo/keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) families have been identified to be involved in furfural detoxification and tolerance.
Phytochelatins are widely accepted as a major agent of plant detoxification and tolerance to Cd stress [ 7] and a lack of PC synthase activity resulted in an increased sensitivity to Cd [ 29].
MATE transporters have already been reported to transport metals such as aluminium in barley and Arabidopsis [ 20, 21], and to be regulated upon Cd stress [ 22] or involved in Cd detoxification and tolerance [ 23].
Thus, we here postulate that the functionally translated portion of the genome plays an essential role in plant stress, and therefore extended bioinformatic studies will likely provide a finer picture of protein networks involved in metabolic pathways that are important for cellular detoxification and tolerance mechanisms.
