with emphasis on toxicant uptake, accumulation, detoxification, synergistic effects, threshold levels, and induction kinetics of HSPs in proposed models are all areas of valid further examination.
The directly mutagenic mode of action and the incompleteness of gastric detoxification argue against a threshold in low-dose extrapolation of cancer risk for ingested Cr VI).
Specifically, it is likely that under conditions of pathological stress, in this instance NASH, the bioenergetic demands on mitochondria are increased for repair and detoxification, while at the same time the threshold capacity of the respiratory chain complexes is limited.
A complementary eco-toxicity measurement demonstrated that this threshold is not penalizing regarding the detoxification performance.
However, prolonged exposure at a concentration exceeding a certain effect threshold (e.g., of disturbing homeostasis or overpowering metabolic detoxification) might deplete the physiological resources for the reflex-like defense processes, and additional responses, mainly from the immune system, might become important.
For instance, despite being a primary site for cellular detoxification, liver did not exhibit sufficient antioxidant activity to meet the applied threshold (n ≥ 25 transcripts) for this GO term, whereas the GO term antioxidant activity was highly represented in the gill, perhaps due to this tissue's direct contact with the extremely cold, highly oxygenated water of the Southern Ocean.
A significantly lower reflex threshold, higher amplitude and lower TST was found in MOH patients before detoxification in comparison with episodic migraine and controls [120].
A convenience sample was obtained at each site using a snow-ball approach for recruitment from streets and low-threshold facilities and an exhaustive sampling from inpatient treatment centres (including detoxification wards and long-term drug-free treatment centres).
In a generalist herbivore that has evolved transcriptionally-regulated responses to a variety of different plant compounds, hormesis may be due to a lower induction threshold of growth-promoting, stress-coping responses and a higher induction threshold of detoxification pathways that are costly and cause collateral damage to the cell.
The methoxyflurane fluoride nephrotoxicity threshold was largely surpassed without apparent deleterious effect on renal volume regulation and detoxification.
