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Early events in conceptus development, including rapid trophoblastic elongation and successful establishment of the fetal: maternal interface, play a key part in determining litter size.
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These twelve afforested lands were converted from similar farmlands, and litterbag experiments were conducted in each land to determine litter decomposition rate (LDR).
We determined litter abundances at seven sites (cities) and estimated the structural complexity in both urban breakwaters and adjacent natural habitats from northern to central Chile, spanning a latitudinal gradient of ∼15° (18°S to 33°S).
The decomposing crop residues were oven-dried at 65 70 °C for 48 h or constant weight and weighed to determine litter mass loss rates (Anderson and Ingram 1989).
When significant intraspecific differences in the reciprocal litter transplant, the common garden litter transplant, and the total amount of respired CO2 in the climate chamber incubation experiment were determined, litter originating from urban habitats decomposed faster than the periurban counterpart.
The forest products techniques for analysis of litter C fractions were used to determine litter lignin and cellulose content [40].
To determine litter size and confirm stage of gestation, ewes were scanned using transabdominal ultrasonography 75 days after ram introduction and remained outdoors on permanent grassland until they were housed at 82 days gestation.
Litter mass loss (determined with litter bags buried in the nests) was significantly higher in wet nests than in dry nests.
We further determined initial litter chemistry, fungal biomass, mesofauna abundance in litter bags, and the soil macrofauna community.
Fauna also affects the distribution of organic matter in the soil profile and determine whether litter decomposes on the soil surface or as POM bound to soil particles, which substantially affects the microbial community and the rate of decomposition.
So one dropped ticket would count as litter in determining "train ambience" but one ticket torn into two pieces would not.
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