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The review focuses primarily on the principles determining ion selectivity in crystallization, as well as on structure selectivity relationships.
As a function of anion type, the glass transition temperature plays a dominant role, but not the sole role in determining ion conductivity.
A very compact Faraday cup for determining ion beam currents from a few nanoamperes down to picoamperes for the HIE-ISOLDE post-accelerator at CERN has been designed, built and tested with beam.
Diffusion equations determining ion diffusion velocities along magnetic field lines in the multicomponent ionosphere and plasmasphere composed of ions, electrons, and neutral species are derived from Grad's 13-moment equations for average species velocities and heat flows.
As the new wettability test is based on the chromatographic separation of two water-soluble components, i.e. a tracer, SCN−, and a potential determining ion towards chalk, SO42−, the fraction of the surface area covered by water was decided to represent the new wetting index.
potential determining ion.
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The calcite surface was assumed to consist of positive and negative sites and their interactions with potential determining ions were considered assuming local equilibrium.
In addition to that, carbonate/bicarbonate ions are potential determining ions on carbonate rocks and can shift the zeta potential to a more negative value.
The distinction between specifically adsorbed and potential determining ions is often vague, particularly in those systems in which the surface chemistry is not fully understood.
After the surface preference to oil, the potential determining ions can be adsorbed at the surface dislodging the polar components and rendering a more water-wet surface.
We used a PRAXIS and an evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) in sequence to determine ion channel conductances.
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