With the rise of modern science, the problem came to be expressed in terms of determinism, or the view that any future state of the universe is logically determined by its initial state (i.e., the big bang) and the laws of physics.
It was traditional in the early treatment of automata theory to identify an automaton with an algorithm, or rule of computation, in which the output of the automaton was a logically determined function of the explicitly expressed input.
He is also acknowledged as having helped to establish the technique of the traditional novel, in which consequent and logically determined events are narrated by an all-seeing observer (the omniscient narrator) and characters are coherently presented.
This does not contradict but rather corroborates the results obtained by Benacerraf: the final state is not logically determined by the previous sequence of states and operations.
Ultimately, the whole point of intuition is to grasp in an immediate way that the entire universe is a vast system of differential relationality, an interconnected, causally ordered, and logically determined divine totality.
What cannot be safely inferred is which one of these two states dim or lit the lamp will be in at t* = 1 P.M. or, alternatively, the state of the lamp at t* = 1 P.M. is not logically determined by what has happened before that instant.
For example, we saw in section 1.2 above that the relevant state of the world after the performance of a task T = (a1, a2, …, an) on the relevant state S was logically determined by T and by S (and was an an−1 an−2(… (a2 a1(S)))…)))), but we have now learned that after the performance of a supertask T = (a1, a2, a3, …, an, …) it is not (that is the core of Benacerraf's critique).
The formal validity of an inference was checked against the laws of formal logic that allows to exactly determine what is logically valid.
In deductive logic the syntactic structure of the sentences involved completely determines whether premises logically entail a conclusion.
She said: "That law focuses attention firmly on the events at the time, which must, logically, determine or, at the very least, dominate the defendant's belief.
