Exact(1)
Let us confine ourselves to ground languages that possess a clearly determined logical structure (e.g., a first-order language) and that contain no occurrences of the defined term \(X\).
Similar(59)
The computational complexity of determining logical relationships between English sentences featuring the temporal constructions in question is thus established.
We have demonstrated in this contribution that given a measurement, we can determine logical tracers for elucidation of a flux of interest; however, the converse, given a tracer, which measurements should be chosen to determine the flux is not trivial, or well understood.
Here ≤t orders T, I and F so that the intermediate value I is "more true" than F, but "less true" than T. The relation ≤t is also called a logical order, because it can be used to determine key logical notions: logical connectives and an entailment relation.
These are all various elements in the general thesis that a proposition's having the modal characteristics it has (such as necessity, possibility) is not a contingent matter but is determined by logical considerations.
Some Bayesian logicists (e.g., Carnap) have maintained that posterior probabilities of hypotheses should be determined by logical form alone.
Informally, majority votes are taken on the premises, and the collective judgments on all other propositions are determined by logical implication.
The research model was determined after logical reasoning considering the time factors of the variables and the previously known association presented in the introduction.
To demonstrate a functional interaction network, we started from the proteins in an MI-specific protein-protein interaction network we had previously constructed, acquired the enriched GO biological processes and pathways, constructed the GOBP graph and the functional pathway-process network, and determined the logical circuitry representing the involvement of GOBPs in pathways.
But beyond this there is little if any agreement about what generic feature makes an expression logical, and hence about what determines the logical form of a sentence.
The upper subnetwork, called the logical layer, employs the shortest paths protocol to determine the logical paths for packets transmission, while the lower subnetwork acts as the physical layer, in which packets are delivered by the biased random walk mechanism characterized with a parameter α.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com