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Similarly, the solution of a differential equation is obtained as a sequence of discrete points determined by approximating the true solution curve by a sequence of tangential line segments.
The upper bound is determined by approximating the fundamental mode shape with a polynomial co-ordinate function in the angular co-ordinate which includes an exponential optimization parameter.
The interaction parameter between P2CIS-PCHA was determined by approximating the observed closed-loop region of immiscibility by the Flory-Huggins lattice model.
By submitting each fruit to different engineering strains (εz) along the z-axis in the range of 3 21% of the initial fruit height, the momentary contact area of each fruit under testing was precisely determined by approximating its outline to a polygon and reconstructing it via the Elliptic Fourier Analysis, or an ellipse inscribed in a bounding box.
Second, an asymptotic upper bound for M γ ̄ j, i CP ( s ) at high SNR can be determined by approximating e x ≃ (1 + x) when x → 0 in the PDF of γ ̂ ̄ j, i CP defined in (31), which is now given by p γ ̂ ̄ j, i CP ≈ ∑ m = 1 m ≠ i, m ≠ j N λ j, m, i BC 1 - γ λ j, m, i BC γ N - 3 ∏ k = 1, k ≠ m k ≠ i, k ≠ j N λ j, k, i BC. (46).
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It is shown that these laws can be determined by approximate formulae fairly accurately, the accuracy decreasing with increase in frequency.
For each indicator, statistical differences between sexes were determined by approximate 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), which were calculated using method described by Jagger et al. [ 26].
PhyML was used for statistical tests for tree constructions and branch support was determined by approximate Likelihood-Ratio Test (aLRT), SH-Like.
A luminance image with minimum aliasing is obtained from the CFA image by using a low-pass kernel with cutoff frequencies determined by an approximate model for the Fourier spectrum.
Carat weight is often determined by the approximate size and calibre of diamond.
However, these methods determine the thresholds by approximating the individual elements of a transform matrix by a theoretical maximum value at different frequency positions.
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