The binding free energy is determined as the difference in the total change in-between the two series of simulations.
The rhizospheric component was determined as the difference between the flux measurements of total and heterotrophic respiration.
Phosphite was determined as the difference in analytical signals corresponding to sample handling with and without the oxidation step.
The concentration of Cr III) is then determined as the difference between the two lines (Cr VI) and Cr VI) plus Cr III)).
c, Violin plots of the error in nanometres along each image axis, determined as the difference between the original measurements and measurements repeated at the end of the experiment.
Nutrient concentrations were measured colorimetrically using a flow injection analyser and biochemical processes were determined as the difference between nutrient concentrations at the beginning and end of a 1-week incubation period under controlled aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively.
The signal was determined as the difference between the gold sample and the carbon background.
Hemicellulose was determined as the difference between neutral detergent fibre NDF and ADF.
MUP, concentration of molybdate-unreactive P, determined as the difference in P measured by ICP and colorimetrically (percent of total soil P recovered in M3 extract).
Basal Pgp ATPase activity was determined as the difference between the ATP hydrolysis of the negative control and that of the Na3VO4 sample.
Proteasome activity was determined as the difference between the total activity of crude extracts and the remaining activity in the presence of 20 μM MG132.
