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CSF oligonucleosome concentration was also determined as a marker of DNA degradation.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was determined as a marker for mitochondrial density using quantitative RT-PCR as previously reported [46], [47].
BAL fluid LDH activities were determined as a marker of cytotoxicity, and albumin concentrations were determined as an indicator of the integrity of the alveolar air blood barrier.
The Δmax cortisol after corticotropin challenge was determined as a marker of adrenal gland reserve response by subtracting the cortisol baseline value from the 60 minutes cortisol value.
HBsAg was determined as a marker of chronic HBV carriage by a reverse passive hemagglutination assay (Murex Diagnostics Limited, Dartford, UK) with radioimmunoassay testing of negative samples (Sorin Biomedica Diagnostics, Vercelli, Italy).
BAL fluid LDH activities were determined as a marker of cytotoxicity and were measured by monitoring the LDH catalyzed oxidation of pyruvate coupled with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at 340 nm using a commercial assay kit (LDH Reagent Roche Diagnostic Systemss, Montclair, NJ) and a Cobas Fara II Analyzer (Roche Diagnostic Systems), as previously described (Porter et al. 2002).
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Total free serum prolactin was also determined as a surrogate marker of cerebral dopamine depletion.
CD68 expressed by activated tissue macrophages was determined as a special marker of activated KCs [ 41].
To elucidate if the aSerum-induced ROS levels are sufficient to cause protein damages, the levels of protein oxidation (carbonyl groups) were determined as a surrogate marker.
Local maximum was determined as a SNP marker x that has G′ value strictly higher than both of its flanking neighbors: G ′ (x ) > G ′ (x − 1 ) and G ′ (x ) > G ′ (x + 1 ).
The number of overlapping segments between marker types was determined as well as those segments unique for a marker.
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