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The research introduces a method for a holistic economic assessment of technologies based on two models: while the cost model applies the LCC and net present value approach for a dynamic cost accounting, the uncertainty model quantifies the risk to determine the expected value and deviation of a technology.
Null model: The description of the nullmodel leaves unclear whether the connectance and degree are fixed exactly or just determine the expected value probabilistically.
The probability will be a very small number that you'll add together to determine the expected value.
Analytical formulae such as Eq. (9) are not necessarily available to determine the expected value of estimates of the standard error of estimates of the population mean for the other forms of sampling being considered here (Table 1).
In addition, we determine the expected value of the overlap between the networks extracted by MADE and a random set of reactions of the same size as the networks extracted from our approach.
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The second strategy is concerned with determining the expected value of the noisy fitness samples on the basis of their distribution, instead of their conventional averaging, as the fitness measure of the trial solutions.
Thirdly, determining the expected value of risk transfer for construction cost overruns and user demand shortfalls requires considerable judgment.
We then determined the expected value of the k-mer depth distribution from a cubic interpolating spline fit to the data, using MATLAB fit, after outliers had been removed.
Once the mutation change d k for the replication parameter is specified, the trade-off relation (3) d e = - a · d k determines the expected value of the mutation change in replicase activity, d e. a is the trade-off parameter – the larger it is, the more severe the trade-off between replicase activity and reproduction rate.
Hence, the average contention window size is determined by the expected value of random variable X, and thus we have.
The ergodic capacity is determined by the expected value of the instantaneous mutual information between the source and destination, which could be expressed in a second-order approximation as [26] C erg ≈ log 2 e 2 ln 1 + E − E γ 2 − E 2 2 1 + E 2. (32..
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com