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We have demonstrated in this contribution that given a measurement, we can determine logical tracers for elucidation of a flux of interest; however, the converse, given a tracer, which measurements should be chosen to determine the flux is not trivial, or well understood.
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The computational complexity of determining logical relationships between English sentences featuring the temporal constructions in question is thus established.
Let us confine ourselves to ground languages that possess a clearly determined logical structure (e.g., a first-order language) and that contain no occurrences of the defined term \(X\).
Here ≤t orders T, I and F so that the intermediate value I is "more true" than F, but "less true" than T. The relation ≤t is also called a logical order, because it can be used to determine key logical notions: logical connectives and an entailment relation.
The upper subnetwork, called the logical layer, employs the shortest paths protocol to determine the logical paths for packets transmission, while the lower subnetwork acts as the physical layer, in which packets are delivered by the biased random walk mechanism characterized with a parameter α.
We used CNA to determine the logical steady state of all nodes in the system under all logical combinations of sugars availability (glucose, galactose, and/or maltose), and for all single gene deletions and some double gene deletions.
Thus, by properly defining an initial state of the input layer, we can determine the logical steady state of all nodes in the system given the defined set of logical rules underlying the hypergraph.
NMR and molecular docking were employed to determine a logical correlation between the inhibitory concentration (IC50) results and the 3D structure of the corresponding inhibitors in solution.
"The fact that history is a science of mental entities does not determine its logical structure, for mental processes can also be represented in a natural scientific or generalizing fashion.
These assumptions do not fix a single notion of concept, but they do however determine the logical space within which accounts can be developed of the correlative notions of conceptual and nonconceptual content.
A good strategy may include a SWOT analysis, or a clear understanding of the customer criteria for decision and how you rank against the criteria, but most importantly, it will direct your tactics and help you determine the logical series of next steps.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com