For every step, blanks were prepared in order to determine background concentrations and to detect possible contamination.
In order to determine background counts, the first planar scan was performed with no activity in the bottle.
Therefore, seawater samples from as close as 5 km may also be used to determine background levels.
The size of the mice vena cava being sufficient to avoid partial volume effect, a ROI in the inferior vena cava was used to determine background activity accurately.
The objective of NDAMN was to determine background air concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs).
The subtraction of this background and its volatility renders FSCV unable to determine background or slowly varying concentrations of electroactive analytes.
In parallel to the induced cultures, noninduced negative controls were included to determine background activities and to calculate the induction factors (the quotient of specific activity obtained under induced conditions and the activity obtained under noninduced conditions).
Six ROIs were projected between the spheres to determine background concentration (all 17.6 mm diameter, except one with 13.6 mm diameter in order to fit between the two largest spheres).
The primary antibody, IgG1, was used as an isotypic control to determine background signal.
In each experiment, PBS alone was added to the cells to determine background.
D3 ES cell-derived populations were used to determine background fluorescence at each time point.
