For typing of C. perfringens isolates, it is therefore recommended to include 5 10 individual colonies in the determination of the toxin type [ 1].
Therefore, alternative binders are still being sought with improved sensitivity towards the hydroxylated toxins and different heterologous assay formats are being investigated that could improve the overall toxicity determination of PSP toxins in a sample.
A rapid and simple HPLC UV/DAD method based on the use of a monolithic silica column is proposed for the determination of ASP toxins in shellfish samples.
For the determination of Alternaria toxins and CIT at levels in the lower µg kg−1 range, currently only chromatographic methods are appropriate (Xu et al. 2006; Ostry 2008).
Fonfria et al. applied different extraction procedures, previously employed for PSP toxin analysis, to different shellfish species and they highlighted that by either using an ethanolic extraction procedure reported by Garthwaite et al. (2001) or the AOAC HPLC acetic acid extraction (AOAC 2005b), the determination of PSP toxins in shellfish could be performed by SPR.
As a proof of concept this monoclonal antibody was also employed to demonstrate that SPR biosensor-based biochemical analysis could be combined with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry chemical analysis for joint screening and confirmatory determination of PSP toxins (Marchesini et al. 2009).
In a recent paper, aflatoxin M1 was used as an ISTD to compensate ME for the determination of Alternaria toxins in tomato products (Prelle et al. 2013); however, due to lack of chemical and physical similarity with the target mycotoxins, it was not used in our study.
Analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, using post-column (Oshima 1995; Asp et al. 2004) and pre-column oxidation methods (Lawrence and Niedzwiadek 2001; Lawrence et al. 2004, 2005), have been developed for the determination of PSP toxins.
For SPR determination of T-2 toxin (T-2), an MIPAPBA film was in situ deposited on an SPR chip by potentiodynamic electropolymerization of APBA, in the presence of T-2 [ 113].
Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, and the applied gradient elution programme allowed for the simultaneous determination of 10 Alternaria toxins in a one-step chromatographic run with a total run time of only 7 min.
