Former student leader Albin Kurti, whose Self-determination movement has attracted the younger vote with 17%, according to the exit poll.
As in Irian Jaya, the most senior figure in the civilian self-determination movement, Muhammad Nazar, was arrested after calling for an Indonesian withdrawal from the province.
Harder to explain was the Albanian demonstration, led by Albin Kurti, whose Self-Determination movement wants independence immediately without more talks with Serbia.
"A Congo Chronicle: Patrice Lumumba in Urban Art" (1999), the first major show in North America devoted to Congolese popular painting, records in folkish renderings the political career and murder of Lumumba, the country's first prime minister and a hero of the African self-determination movement.
An opposition MP from Kosovo's Vetevendosje or Self-Determination Movement party reportedly fessed up to using the tear gas, but claimed he had not been the one who smuggled them in the building, according to the news website Balkan Insight.
Across Africa and the Middle East, Western powers supported the post-colonial state with economic and military aid, which more often than not was used to crush self-determination movements by ethnic minorities.
Overall, richer groups are more likely to support self-determination movements than poorer ones.
To that extent it is inaccurate to say that this type of theory ignores the realities of national self-determination movements.
Sambanis and Milanovic (2014) conduct a similar study on self-determination movements in 48 decentralized countries and 876 regions over the period 1945 2012.
Cunningham (2013) directly investigates why some self-determination movements turn violent, whereas some others lead to non-violent protest and others yet remain within the confines of conventional politics.
Religion was unduly stressed more than political, territorial and ethnic factors, with very rare references to democratic and self-determination movements in both countries.
