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For the assessment of the energy balance-related behaviours and their environmental determinants, items from the ENERGY parent and child questionnaires [ 22], the Pro-children child questionnaire [ 23] and its updated version PRO-GREENS [ 24], were used.
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For motivational determinants, 10 items were arranged in 2 factors interpreted as barriers and facilitators (Table 3).
As two determinants (CANSAS items 10 'safety to self' and 21 'money') violated the proportional odds assumption, they were excluded from the model-fitting procedure.
Our results confirm the earlier findings of Perneger and Burnand with the SF-12 [ 4] and of Vercherin et al. with the SF-36 [ 8], that older age, female sex, and to a lesser extent low education and low economic status (blue collar workers and non-nationals), are major determinants of item missingness in QoL questionnaires.
Psychometric indices were not the only determinant of item quality.
The selection of the task features used to scale CCER was made in the light of the characteristics which had turned out to be significant determinants of the item's difficulty in previous studies on measuring situation-specific skills by using stage-oriented models, drawing notably on Blum et al. (2003), Kauertz and Fischer (2008), Winther and Achtenhagen (2009).
The scores for the psychosocial determinants and the item measuring willingness (the primary dependent variable) were converted to dichotomous scores (agree – disagree).
Sugary coffee, however, was not included in the SSB variable, as it is a common drink item and deeply rooted in the culture and, as such, may have different determinants than the other items.
These possible determinants were the 15 items about midwifery care.
After these preliminary analyses, we performed an ordinal regression analysis that included CANSAS items as determinants (22 items; each categorized into 4 groups) and QoL as dependent variable (the 4 groups above).
The first subscale (10 items) comprises determinants of frailty, such as sociodemographic data and data about life events and chronic diseases; the second subscale (15 items), which we used in this study, determines the level of frailty according to physical (eight items), social (three items), and psychological (four items) factors, including one item about cognition.
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