This paper strongly suggests micro-Raman spectroscopy for identifying archaeological pigments and for diagnosing their deterioration products.
In addition, the deterioration products of the orthopedic materials, such as from a joint replacement implant, should not adversely affect the bodily environment.
The mineralogy of the deterioration products was determined by infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of the specimens.
The deterioration products characterization was carried out by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), Thermal Analysis (TG-DSC) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP).
The performance of the different concretes was assessed by means of visual observation supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infra-red Scanning (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) to identify the deterioration products.
At the end of the 90-days period the compressive strength of the mortars was determined and the deterioration products were identified through means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).
After 90 days, the compressive strengths decrease for all specimens (from 33.5 MPa to 16.4 MPa for Portland cement mortar and from 35 MPa to 13.8 MPa for 10% fly ash cement mortar) as a consequence of higher amount of deterioration products which exerts pressure in the capillare pores.
These results point to the interaction between deterioration products from the cover glass with the daguerreotype surface as one, but not the only, source of the tarnish.
For the elemental analysis of the deterioration products and assessment of laser tests, Scanning Electron Microscope (Carl Zeiss Ultra Plus Field Emission) connected with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detector (Oxford Instruments X-Max) was employed.
Some of the grains of cinnabar, mostly in fine grain sizes, and the distribution of the lead (associated with the lead-based pigment and its deterioration products), are indicated in the elemental mapping (Fig. 14e).
