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Deterioration of soil structure, poor infiltration, and low aeration is caused due to high Na% (>60 %) in agriculture water supply.
Generally, water with Na% of >60% may result in Na accumulation and deterioration of soil structure, infiltration and aeration rates (Inayathulla and Paul 2013).
Before 1970s, farming was mainly carried out using low-tech methods, leading to unproductive practices and overexploitation and deterioration of soil.
Besides, continuous applications of inorganic fertilizers alone resulted in deterioration of soil health in terms of soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Getachew et al. 2014b).
Average VESS scores were 2.5 and 3.0 for pasture to sugarcane, respectively, showing a deterioration of soil structural quality following LUC.
This has, in many cases, led to the deterioration of soil ecosystems and decreased vegetation cover, and has exacerbated water shortages.
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In this study, needle penetration tests, uniaxial compression tests and a thermogravimetric analysis were applied to determine the extent of the deterioration of soil-cement columns exposed to synthetic sea water.
Between 350 BC and AD 170 (2300–1780 cal. yr BP), massive increase of heather indicates advanced deterioration of soils by continuous exploitation during the pre-Roman and to a somewhat lesser extent during the late Roman Iron Age.
Concrete structures' deterioration is often the result of a combination of deterioration factors.
But then came a roller coaster of renovation and deterioration.
In conclusion, this study showed that conversion of natural ecosystem into crop/cultivated land ecosystem has resulted in deterioration of the soil resource base.
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