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Bombardier beetles use internal pulsed chemical reactions to deter prey.
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> Ants can reduce the cost of herbivory by deterring or preying upon insects and vertebrate herbivores.
Those organs generate the high-voltage pulses that stun prey and deter predators.
Many venomous animals have therefore evolved toxins that modulate the activity of NaV channels in order to subdue their prey and deter predators.
Some have suggested that the designs lure prey or deter predators, whereas others have argued that they function as a sort of detour sign that prevents birds from flying into the webs.
The coffin ray employs electricity both to subdue prey and deter predators.
As with other members of its family, the common torpedo can subdue prey and deter threats with strong electric shocks generated from a pair of large electric organs.
Spiders have evolved pharmacologically complex venoms that serve to rapidly subdue prey and deter predators.
Box jellyfish (Class Cubozoa) produce venoms that are designed to swiftly incapacitate prey and deter predators, but they also cause adverse effects in envenomed humans.
Like all hagfish it can also produce enormous amounts of slime to choke prey animals and deter predators.
During more than 400 million years of evolution, scorpions have developed an efficient venom arsenal, composed of extremely diverse active components, to prey captures and deter competitors.
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