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In most situations the modeling has to account for instrumental effects characterized by a probability of detecting photons of a given energy at a particular detector channel, or a particular location on the detector.
Each detector channel has a plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube followed by a discriminator, shaper, TDC and ADC to allow the measurement of neutron arrival time as well as pulse amplitude.
Therefore, the effective rigidity of a muon detector channel depends on both the characteristics of the detector and the considered event (through values of γ and R u ).
It is designed so that a gap between two adjacent detectors (e.g., channels 2 and 3) are filled by another detector (channel 1) after a half spin of the spacecraft.
The circuit diagram for a single detector channel is shown - each APD is embedded in passive avalanche quenching electronics with an external high-voltage supply and output to a time-tagging unit (the time-tagging unit has a fixed-threshold discriminator at each input) or to an oscilloscope.
Fluorescence signals from Hoechst and CTXb-647 were captured simultaneously with the reflection signal (excitation 488 nm, detector channel set to 475 525 nm) from cholesterol crystals.
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The instrument presents hundreds of detector channels.
For high-resolution grating spectra, the detector channels are wavelengths derived from pixel location.
A frequency distribution of observed counts as a function of detector channels.
For low-resolution spectra, the detector channels are PHA or PI (mapped onto photon energy space via the RMF).
The redistribution matrix contains the information about how the incoming photons are spread out over detector channels by the detector resolution.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com