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Gas sensors have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their huge potential applications, such as pollution detection, environment protection, gas detection for counter-terrorism, etc. [1].
When there is no any human subject in the detection environment, the calculated skewness is shown in Fig. 6a, and the corresponding time-frequency matrix is given in Fig. 6b.
In comparison, the algorithm can better adapt to the complex radio environment and work in low SNR detection environment, and has advantageous over the performance of other two detection algorithms.
Because of the complexity of the detection environment (the irregular surface of the rib walls, the presence of clutter sources, and the significant variation in the installed angle of the bolt-plates) recognising consistent features for the target was not a trivial task.
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Hence, it is important to select the value of M x according to the various detection environments.
The proposed system deliberately selects constituent weak classifiers that are expected to show good performance in real detection environments.
In detection environments, false negatives are much more critical than false positives, while objects are less frequent than non-objects.
In on-road detection environments, the background of images captured in a moving vehicle is not fixed and changes continuously.
This is due to the fact that false negatives are much more critical than false positives while objects are less frequent than non-objects in detection environments.
The positive rate (p j ), which is the rate of true and false positives against the number of samples, can be approximated to f j, as positive samples are extremely rare in detection environments [11].
This is due to the fact that the number of features used in the early cascade stages is smaller, even though more features are used in all the cascade stages of the proposed system in the detection environments.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com