On the other hand, pathogens have developed mechanisms to overcome detection by injecting effectors into plant cells, which interfere with signalling cascades and thereby abolish basal defence response.
However, the detection by cryo-EM of 12 additional rod-like bodies within the toroid raises the possibility that the architecture of the toroid is more complex than previously thought or that yet unknown ligands or allosteric effectors for this oxygen carrier are present.
Detection of effector caspase activation by activity assays indicated that the knockdown of bid was able to confer a partial resistance to genotoxic drugs (Fig. 7 A C).
Furthermore, prolonged incubation with antigen has recently been shown to increase the sensitivity of T cell tests for the detection of LTBI [23], probably because short in vitro incubation times in the presence of antigen preferentially result in the detection of effector T cells, whereas longer incubation times favor the detection of both effector and memory T cells [17], [18].
Recently, new tests based on the detection of effector T-cells reacting against antigens secreted by active growing bacilli (ESAT-6/CFP-10) in peripheral blood, the so-called T-cell interferon gamma assay (TIGRAS), have been introduced [6].
For detection of RxLR effectors, all open reading frames (ORFs) encoding at least 100 amino acids (delimited by two stops) were extracted.
Overall, the detection of a large number of known effectors of differentiation and a high rate of candidate confirmation by siRNA knockdown testify to the reliability of this screening platform.
On the other hand, positive selection occurs when several phenotypes are favored, for example under the scenario of antagonistic coevolution whereby effectors evolve to avoid detection by host receptors or enzymes evolve to avoid inactivation by host-produced inhibitors, resulting in an excess of non-synonymous mutations and an overall increase in genetic diversity.
This type of immunity relies on the specific recognition of microbial effectors (or host proteins modified by effectors) by proteins encoded by R genes that trigger a rapid and effective host defence response.
The Manual of Detection, by Jedediah Berry (Penguin Press; $25.95).
