To detect the transfer of milk cells, we made GFP+ female mice breastfeed WT pups postpartum.
Going by the sheer numbers alone, that demographic composition presents a challenging signal-to-noise problem for agencies looking to detect the transfer of sensitive and proprietary information in violation of American laws.
To detect the transfer of different PML-RARA mutants in response to AS2O3, we performed subcellular fraction assay using 293T cells that expressing wild-type PML-RARA or the mutants.
The acceptor liposomes, which contained sucrose and were made heavier, were separated from donors by centrifugation, and the fluorescence in the pellet was measured to detect the transfer.
CCO activity was measured at 550 nm to follow the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c, and CS activity was measured at 412 nm to detect the transfer of coenzyme A to 5, 5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB).
In addition, our approach would not have detected the transfer of genes or gene fragments that share high sequence similarity, that is, recombination within gene regions that exhibit weak (or unsubstantiated) phylogenetic signal, and as such will tend to underestimate the extent of LGT.
All alignments and trees used to detect the transfers, as well as the list of orphans with high codon usage bias can be downloaded from the PBIL web server at ftp://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/pub/datasets/PloS07. Eighteen DNA positions on the genome encompassing a wide range of properties were selected to be amplified and cloned (Table 1).
Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin was used according to the manufacturer's instructions to detect the transferred DNA.
Above TH interdiffusion of polymer chains was observed by detecting the energy transfer from excited naphthalene to pyrene molecules.
STD-NMR spectroscopy allows direct detection of protons located at a binding interface by selectively irradiating NMR signals of a receptor molecule while detecting the saturation transfer to its bound ligand via a difference spectrum.
