Both parenteral and mucosal delivery induced similar clearance of RV, even though only the IN and IM+IN routes led to detectable pre-challenge serum IgA antibodies.
IL-4+ lung cells were detectable after OVA challenges but there were no differences between protocols (data not shown).
None of the vaccinated animals shed detectable amounts of challenge virus, demonstrating the efficacy of our vaccines.
Liver, kidneys, spleen, and lymph nodes from naïve (uninfected) wild type and nBmp2NLStm mutant mice were examined and weighed to determine whether differences were detectable before bacterial challenge.
Sterilizing immunity, characterized by the absence of an increase in NAb titers as well as absence of detectable viremia after challenge, has been reported by several groups after vaccination of rhesus macaques with DENV LAV.
This figure is lower than expected for challenge studies of this type, although it has previously been shown that approximately one-third of individuals undergoing influenza challenge are protected despite not having detectable antibodies against the challenge virus [ 3] and it is a known feature of this challenge model that not all control subjects will develop influenza.
None of the eight crows previously challenged with KUN virus had detectable illness after secondary challenge with 3.2 log10 PFU of NY99 virus, which clearly indicates a cross-protective immune response against NY99; the lower 95% confidence limit on cross-protection probability was 0.63.
Upper respiratory tract (URT) and lung tissues harvested in each of the challenge groups 3 days after challenge revealed detectable virus in the URT all placebo recipients (3/3) but only 1/3 and 2/3 in the 1.8 µg and 3.7 µg groups respectively (Table 2).
Additionally, the method may help to define inhomogeneously coloured melanocytic or non-melanocytic lesions, whose "unpigmented" regions might contain detectable pheomelanin, and represent challenges in defining surgical margins.
The three near-term fetuses/neonate had evidence of ZIKV persistence in the CNS at a time when fetal blood, urine, and CSF, the most accessible samples in human infants, showed no detectable ZIKV RNA, highlighting challenges with diagnosing congenital ZIKV infection in human newborns.
The immunized animals showed no clinical symptoms except short-term fever and low-level viremia, whereas, the control pigs immunized with the control plasmid produced no detectable antibody prior to challenge, and showed obvious clinical signs following challenge, and two pigs died of illness.
