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As mentioned above, MDB (minimum detectable bias) refers to lower bounds of detectable outliers in observation which can be illustrated according to Baarda (1968): MDB=frac{delta_0{sigma}_i}{sqrt{r_i}} (16).
In this paper the influences of the BDS measurement stochastic model on the internal reliability index – minimal detectable bias (MDB), the separability index – correlation coefficient, and the integrity index – vertical protection level (VPL), for each satellite are analyzed and algebraic formulas derived for carrying out the calculations.
A detectable bias was Chloroflexi in the Stanley sample.
There is a detectable bias for specific functions, indicating that selection is acting to preferentially retain certain duplicates.
After a few free-choice sessions with no infusions, rats performed the mix of trials reliably, and expressed a consistent bias on free choice trials but no detectable bias on accumulation trials.
Further, we find no detectable bias in the purine/pyrimidine composition between the high- and the low-expressed strands within 30 miRNA pairs (Wilcoxon test, p > 0.5) (see Table 1).
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These results indicate the absence of any detectable biases in L5 as compared to L2C for retrieving soil moisture and snow depth from GPS SNR multipath observations.
Despite detectable variability in ERS across countries and detectable biasing effects of ERS on attitudinal scores, our results suggest that the unexpected between-country correlation between attitudes and achievement is not attributable to country differences in ERS.
However, more recent historians have shown that William's involvement in the kingdom's political disputes resulted in detectable biases in his account.
This result could not be explained by any detectable systematic bias in the data or incongruence among loci.
A boxplot generated using cummeRbund of the log FPKM between samples and sample replicates displayed no grossly detectable library bias toward any one sample or sample replicate.
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