Although cell-in-cell structure was noted 100 years ago, the molecular mechanisms of 'entering' and the destination of cell-in-cell remain largely unclear.
Our results highlight a number of practical issues that need addressing in future studies, including ways of increasing the proportion of patients who may benefit from this treatment, the need for more studies evaluating the destination of infused cells and the need to evaluate V γ9V δ2 T cells in combination with other therapies.
The destination of mast cells is beneath or in the epithelium, close to vessels, smooth muscle cells, and glandular tissue, where they act as outposts of the immune system against exogenous allergens and pathogens [ 2].
Chemokines and their receptors have been shown to play critical roles in determining the metastatic destination of tumour cells [ 34].
The final destination of these cells is unknown but it seems reasonable, on grounds of their location within the yolk, to assume that they at least temporarily have a function as vitellophages.
However, our early and recent studies as well as those from others provide evidence that cell-in-cell death is the major destination of internalized immune cells characterized as caspase-dependent apoptotic cell-in-cell death, a process different from cannibalism or entosis.
It might be due to low frequency of CD117 positivity in the present study, which could result from different destination of neoplastic plasma cells.
Muller and coworkers [ 19] found that SDF-1/CXCR4 plays a critical role in determining the metastatic destination of breast cancer cells.
CXCR4 controls the metastatic destination of breast cancer cells in organs (lung, liver, and bone) where its ligand, the chemokine CXCL-12, is produced in high quantity [ 51].
In particular, CXCL12, which is also called stromal-derived factor-1, and its receptor CXCR4 have attracted tremendous interest, owing to their critical role in determining the metastatic destination of breast cancer cells.
