The cost varies depending on the distance, destination, level of difficulty, method of transport (air travel is dearer and requires fake documents) and whether the migrant has personal links to the smugglers, or decides to work for them.
There were no significant differences in age, gender, diagnosis discharge destination, level of impairment or NPCS-identified needs at discharge.
At the destination level, the degree of differentiation of an educational system significantly affects migrant children's educational performance.
This inclusion of GDP at the destination level had hardly an effect on the coefficientsn.
At the destination level, migrant children living in traditional immigration countries (Australia and New Zealand) have higher levels of educational performance.
After inclusion of individual-level characteristics and the average performance of the natives of the destination countries, the initial variance at the destination level is reduced by 42% and the variance at the origin level by 63%.
This group of factors includes the housing area, age, the number of years spent in the destination country, level of education and gender.
As already stated, the last category contains socio-demographic factors like housing area, age, number of years spent in the destination country, level of education and gender.
Such controversial factors, concerning the housing area, age, years of residence in the destination country, level of education and gender, can be classified as pull or push factors according to the influence they can have (Shinnar and Young 2008).
However, these results might be explained by features of the educational systems of the countries of origin and destination, because the level of economic development and political stability will be related to some characteristics of educational systems.
We argue that the cruise industry sells itineraries, not destinations, implying a level of flexibility in the selection of ports of call, but still bound to important operational considerations.
