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The state-centred approach emphasizes the persistence of political authority despite marketization (Bian and Logan 1996; Róna-Tas 1994; Walder 1996, 2004, 2009), which implies the persistent concentration of social resources within the state-controlled system.
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Furthermore, the lacking of a fair funding system and a scientific monitoring system is still a challenge despite the privatization, marketization, and commercialization of ECE in China.
Prominent examples of marketization include contracting out, internal markets, management contracts, and market testing.
In the early years of marketization, the emphasis was especially on market opening and financing issues.
So too does the pattern of magnification of inequality through labour market outcomes that has resulted from domestic marketization and export orientation [ 68, 98].
"There is a real need for pragmatism here," they write, "and to avoid both the crushing inefficiency of market denial... and the pathology of ideological marketization".
Since the market reform, there has been a trend of marketization and privatization in childrearing.
In narrower terms, marketization refers to changes within the public sector where market mechanisms and incentives are introduced within public or publicly regulated organizations.
In the rush to harness efficiency gains from the market forces, policy-makers in developing and transition economics should not blindly apply marketization to the health sector.
NPM has two main strands: marketization and corporate management.
Other forms of marketization remain far more common than privatization.
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