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Moreover, the interviewer help may lead to interviewer bias such as socially desirable bias and acquiescence bias.
For pool 2, 77% (20/26) of all methods met the minimal bias specifications (<5.9%), but only 50% (13/26) met the desirable bias criterion (<4.0%).
However, despite the statistical correction for this response style, underreporting of problems due to a social desirable bias may still have been present.
A second limitation is that homosexuality in China is illegal and stigmatized, such that our data regarding sexual behaviors may be subject to socially desirable bias.
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In fact, CGBS appears to have more desirable bias-reducing properties in presence of substantial proportion of missing values.
However, compared with CEM, CGBS is easier to implement and has more desirable bias-reducing properties in the presence of substantial proportions of missing exposure data.
While the CCHS and the CIDI are interviewer-administered, the NDIT questionnaire was self-administered since the interviewer-administered format was neither feasible nor desirable since social desirability bias is lower with the self-administered than interviewer-administered version [ 44].
Surprisingly, while we had expected clear evidence of bias in estimates of change through socially desirable responding, virtually no social desirability bias was found.
This type of bias is referred to as "social desirability bias" because what is considered socially desirable or undesirable behavior affects whether a person reports it accurately.
Self-reported responses can be subject to social desirability bias with the respondents choosing the responses which they regard as desirable rather than reporting their actual practices [ 97].
Social desirability bias was assessed in the student sample using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Respose (BIDR) [ 30] which includes sub-scales measuring impression management and self-deception.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com