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Answers could also have been affected by social desirability, i.e., being negative towards student education is not a socially desirable attitude.
A certain amount of educational science went into their conception, and the idea behind the drawings was outlined in a preface for parents and teachers: "The full-colour illustrations have been designed to create a desirable attitude towards learning - by making every child eager to read each title.
I think it can, if it presents a product in such a manner that it creates a desirable attitude in the child," McNeal says.
The range was 1-5, withethe most desirable attitude calculated as 5, and its mean was calculated.
Seven items such as "I always think friendly about everyone" and "I am always obedient at home" have to be answered with yes or no, with the total of affirmative responses yielding a score, which is indicative for a socially desirable attitude.
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The self-reporting nature of the data collection tools, potentially allowed for social desirability bias, a phenomenon where 'respondents believe there are norms defining desirable attitudes and behaviours, and that they are concerned enough about these norms to distort their answers to avoid presenting themselves in an unfavorable light' (p. 257) (Tourangeau et al. 2000).
And, even if the test does measure some skills accurately, the results say nothing about whether students have acquired any knowledge, or socially desirable attitudes, that they didn't have before they entered college.
He objects to using education "to instill desirable attitudes toward the environment, gender, sexuality, and ethnic diversity"; but he insists that "the obvious cure for the tragic shortcomings of human intuition in a high-tech world is education".
In other words, an appropriate strategy of IEC leads to or reinforces desirable attitudes and behaviour.
However, this social dynamic may have also led the participants into displaying socially desirable attitudes, as well as viewpoints that are consistent with past interactions with their colleagues.
Fourth, the participant self-reported the information, with the inability of the researchers to validate with objective measures the answers and some may overreport socially desirable attitudes and/or behaviors or underreport socially undesirable attitudes and/or behaviors.
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