Thus pointing up the desirability for study.
It may be that there is a potential bias related to social desirability for phone survey studies similar to results found in personal-interviewing studies (Marshall et al., 2005).
Moreover, adults' self-reports of empathy have been associated with indexes of social desirability in some studies [32].
However, presence of meaning in life has been found to be unrelated to scores on measures of social desirability in several studies [ 15, 49] and, as argued by Heintzelman and King [ 46], high presence of meaning scores have been found consistently among diverse samples, including anonymous samples where social desirability may not have been a big concern.
It is possible that the relatively high levels of satisfaction reported in our study were caused by desirability bias; several other studies have shown that clients are reluctant to express negative opinions of services when interviewed at health facilities [ 62, 63].
Therefore, the sample size depends on the desirability of the study.
To reduce social desirability bias, the study staff who conducted follow-up interviews was not involved in intervention activities.
While we did not have socio-economic data, the remaining characteristics largely fit our sample, i.e. an additional argument for the presence of social desirability in our study.
The social desirability in this study may have been eliminated through using the self-administered questionnaire though we do not know the number of participants who self-administered questionnaires and those who provided data through face to face interviews.
In our study, there might be social desirability bias in both study groups, which might make the intervention look less effective than it actually is.
Race figured into a user's desirability ranking: As previous studies have shown, white men and Asian women are consistently more desired on dating sites, while black women rank considerably lower than other users.
