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Another weakness of previous studies is that most were conducted under cross-sectional designs that failed to establish temporal relationships for causality; in these studies, risk factors were assessed at the same time or after the study outcomes were measured.
These epidemiological studies have several limitations, including small sample sizes, insufficient information on subject selection criteria, and cross-sectional designs that failed to adequately control for potential confounders (Vandenberg et al. 2007), thus preventing accurate assessments regarding the potential health risks of BPA.
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Apparent overconfidence and underconfidence in clinicians making clinical judgements could be a feature of evaluative research designs that fail to accurately represent clinical environments.
And making rail-crossing encounters even more treacherous are train and crossing designs that fail to take into account how people perceive and behave.
We present 2 cases of a particular unipolar design that failed due to polyethylene wear.
The authors cite early animal studies on benzene as an example of poor design that failed to detect carcinogenic effects, even though epidemiologic studies demonstrated a causal association between benzene exposure and leukemia in humans.
Poor device design that fails to adequately account for user needs, cognition, and behavior is often responsible for use errors resulting in adverse events.
While pedestrian deaths are usually labeled as accidents by local authorities, the Complete Streets Coalition believes many are, in fact, attributable to poor roadway design that fails to safely accommodate walkers.
A weak assessment design that fails to capture reserve effects when they are present can generate false conclusions about reserve efficacy, seriously crippling management efforts to expand the use of marine reserves as a conservation tool.
In fact, the design of the part that failed, called an acme nut, seems to have received little attention from the F.A.A.
They believe he designed the underwear explosives that failed to detonate aboard a Detroit-bound airliner last Dec. 25, as well as the body-cavity bomb that killed his younger brother, Abdullah al-Asiri, in a failed attempt last year to assassinate the top Saudi counterterrorism official, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef.
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