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Shield tunnel lining in soft ground is usually designed based on empirical and analytical methods.
Hence, they suffer from the practical problems such as formation of dead metal zone, non-uniform flow of metal, more redundant work and designed based on empirical methods.
However, few studies have focused on the behavior of particle dynamics in these dryers, and most of them are still designed based on empirical data and pilot plant scale-ups.
To account for this sensitivity, slender tubes are usually designed based on empirical knockdown factors, however there are few experiments of tubes in flexure with slenderness as high as what is expected for spirally welded wind towers, and there are no experiments on tubes within this slenderness range and manufactured with spiral welding.
The aim of this article is 1) to describe a role-paly activity that is designed based on empirical research on academics' views of academic integrity, and 2) to reflect on role-play as a method for teaching academic integrity.
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Current treatment protocols are designed based on pre-clinical animal experiments and on empirical clinical trials as well as the acquired experience of subspecialist physicians.
To extract original pulse signals in measurement while drilling (MWD), different low-pass filtering methods were designed based on intrinsic mode functions through the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD).
They can design based on instinct.
The ultimate static strength of tubular joints is usually calculated at the design stage based on empirical formulae incorporating the joint geometry, loading mode, and material's strength.
Other codes such as the ACI, the draft Euro code EC/2, the Canadian code and the CIRIA guide No.2b present some design guidelines based on empirical analysis.
The academic literature on Web-based DSS is largely focused on applications and implementations, and only a few articles examine architectural issues or provide design guidelines based on empirical evidence.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com