One of the two critical Highly Conserved Noncoding Elements (HCNEs) proposed to affect IRX3 expression by enhancer activity that overlaps with risk variants, designated as element 6 by Ragvin et al. is located at Chr16:52,377,745–52,378,287, and resides centrally within the broad 7.7 kb peak (Figure 3).
Therefore, the chromosomal arm designated as element A comprises the X chromosome in most extant species and contains a conserved set of genes [ 17, 18].
The four major autosomal arms are designated as elements B, C, D, and E, and the "dot" as element F [ 19, 20].
For the dimming function (designated as dimming object in ETS), the control elements include buttons marked minus and plus.
At 5′LTR, there are two precisely positioned nucleosomes named nuc-0 and nuc-1 separated by two nucleosomes free region designated as enhancer/promoter element and a regulatory region termed as HS4 [ 47].
48 Repeat 2 contains a sterol regulatory element (SRE) that enhances transcription when the intracellular sterol concentration is low through interaction with a transcriptional factor designated as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1.
In this mechanism, two genetic elements, designated as ASE (age-related stability element) and AIE (age-related increase element), play essential roles for producing age-related stable and age-related increase profiles of a gene expression, respectively.
The insert was designated as Tgs1 (transposable element of Gentiana scabra 1).
Kruppel-like factor 13 (KLF13), previously designated as basic transcription element-binding protein-3 (BTEB3), was further identified to be important for development and other physiological functions.
In Drosophila, PcG recruitment at Hox loci, as well as other targets, is mediated by transcription factor binding at sequences designated as Polycomb response elements (Kassis and Brown, 2013, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2005).
In Arabidopsis, some Hsfs have been shown to promote rapid Hsp expression by binding to cis-acting sequences, designated as heat shock elements (HSEs), in the promoter of Hsps [ 21, 48].
